Critical load
Critical load is the IT or facility load that must remain powered to avoid service interruption. It drives UPS, generator, switchgear, distribution, and redundancy design more directly than total campus load.
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Utility Rates, Grid, and Markets
FERC
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regulates interstate transmission, wholesale electricity markets, and many interconnection frameworks. FERC rules shape generator interconnection, transmission tariffs, RTO/ISO market structures, and some large-load policy debates.
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Tier IV
Tier IV is fault tolerant and concurrently maintainable, meaning an individual equipment failure or distribution path interruption should not affect operations. It is the highest Uptime tier and typically implies higher cost, space, and operational rigor.
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Valve-regulated lead-acid battery is a sealed lead-acid battery type historically common in UPS systems. It is familiar and relatively low cost, but it has space, weight, replacement, temperature, and maintenance tradeoffs versus lithium-ion systems.
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